Ethic Essay - 1469 Words

PHL-323 February 20, 2012 Frank Campbell At the core, one’s personal beliefs are what makes up one’s value system or what could be called their personal ethics structure. One’s personal values, or ethics structure, are developed over a lifetime and is ever evolving. There are many factors that come into play during the development of one’s ethics structure. The process begins at childhood. The people that a person comes into contact with, influences inside the home such as parents, siblings, and neighbors. As one grows older and ventures out into the world outside the home teachers, friends and even enemies all help to shape one’s value system. Any type of communication with anyone that we come in contact with†¦show more content†¦Early in life you don’t know of the nuances. As I went into my teen years, things began to gray. I don’t mean that in a bad way, but that those nuances to good and bad began to show themselves and that made defining my value structu re a bit more difficult. I grew up surrounded by educators and coaches, both family and friends. They helped a lot in the formation of my values that helped shape my ethics structure. Here are a few of the values that I believe to be of great importance in no particular order Good. Important Values †¢ Family †¢ Honesty †¢ Integrity †¢ Caring †¢ Respect †¢ Responsibility †¢ Loyalty †¢ Discipline †¢ Intelligence †¢ Confidence †¢ Dependability †¢ Courage †¢ Encouragement †¢ Fitness †¢ Happiness †¢ Leadership †¢ Love †¢ Maturity †¢ Motivation †¢ Organization †¢ Passion †¢ Persistence †¢ Perceptiveness †¢ Compassion †¢ Punctuality †¢ Self-Sacrifice †¢ Commitment †¢ Self-Control †¢ Structure †¢ Support This list is not a complete list of all of the values that make up my ethics system, but this small sample helps to illustrate many of the values that I feel help guide me. Many people, both friends and enemies alike have contributed in the formation of this list, and as I grow and evolve as a person so does this list. Good. Formation of Values Many years, many people and many experiences have helped to establish my values that have formed my ethics structure. ThatShow MoreRelatedEthics And Ethics : Ethics922 Words   |  4 Pagesand friend group to be altered. One change I was not anticipating making was my approach to ethics. Over the course of the past fifteen weeks, my knowledge of ethics as well as my approach to ethics has changed. I have become more knowledgeable about the different approaches to ethics and have gained insight as to where I stand in my approach to ethics. One thing that has changed in my approach to ethics since the beginning of the semester is I am now adamant that it is impossible to arrive at aRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pages†¢ Define ethics. Ethics is defined as the moral principles and standards that guide the behavior of an individual or group, while business ethics refers to said behavior in the work environment. Great leaders demonstrate and practice this both personally and professionally. With today’s constant media coverage of unethical decisions and their violators, it can be easy for many to people to assume that ethics codes are â€Å"just for show†. A prime example of the unethical culture that exists in businessRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics851 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Berger who stated, â€Å"Without ethics, man has no future. This is to say, mankind without them cannot be itself. Ethics determine choices and actions and suggest difficult priorities† (Berger). His meaning behind that quote is simple. In this world is there a right and a wrong way of doing something? In this world, ethics determines our actions and the consequences that come about those actions, determining right and wrong. The real question is however, are Ethics black and white? Is what is â€Å"right†Read MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics955 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Ethics is a key moral philosophy that helps us determine what is right and wrong. This paper will talk about my views on ethics. I will share personal examples of ethical situations that I have been in. I will also share where my ethical views originated from and why ethics is important to me. Next, I will discuss how ethics will affect my career and why it will be important in it. Lastly, I will talk about the importance of ethics in the global world. Personal: In my opinion ethics is a moralRead MoreEthics And The Ethics Of Ethics929 Words   |  4 Pages Ethics Nurse’s Before all parties involved can begin a working relationship, each individual should discuss and obtain a written description of the duties expected and the code of ethics that should be respected and followed; by beginning with a clear understanding of ethical values. Ethics: the study of right and wrong and how to tell the difference between them. Since ethics also means people s beliefs about right and wrong behavior, ethics can be defined as the study of ethics. EthicsRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics1569 Words   |  7 Pages Ethics In Nursing Rayda M. Garcia Fairleigh Dickinson Universityâ€Æ' Ethics In Nursing The study of ethics, or applied ethics, is necessary for healthcare professionals who often face dilemmas that are not experienced by the general population. The fast-paced growth of medical technology has made the study of ethics even more relevant. The study of bioethics, or biomedical ethics, refers to moral dilemmas due to advances in medicine and medical research. Since medical law and ethics are oftenRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Ethics775 Words   |  4 Pagesmillion to settle a shareholder lawsuit. We can refer from the two previous examples that ethics education is crucial. The main reason for ethics education is that ethics courses and training would help students, who are going to become future managers and business decision makers, to resolve such ethical dilemmas correctly. As we know that most dilemmas often have multiple decision criteria. Business ethics classes would help students to realize which decision criteria lead to a preference for aRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Ethics Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesemployees that the work place ethics code forbids using work-place resources for personal financial profit. To make ethically right decision in this ethical dilemma, I will focus on the philosophers’ standpoint and reasoning of ethics of care, ethics of justice, utilitarian ethics and universal principle to analyze the situation. In this tough situation, my conclusion is that I will not report this action to the higher authority although she is violating wor k place ethics code. I will provide my reasoningRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics1485 Words   |  6 Pages Ethics is a concept derived from an individual’s religion, philosophies or culture, forming a collection of moral principles carrying out the manner in which a person leads their life. In modern society philosophers divide ethical theories into three separate areas, meta-ethics, normative ethics and applied ethics. Meta-ethics refer to the origins and meanings of ethical principles, dealing with the nature of moral judgement. Normative ethics refers to what is right and wrong and concerned withRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Ethics987 Words   |  4 PagesEthics affect every facet of life, especially in a professional community. When a decision is to be made within a community, the ethical decision is typically that which benefits the most people or harms the least people. There are some scenarios however, when the correct decision based on a system of ethics that values doing the right thing is not the decision that leaves behind the least negative impact on the organization. An organization must decide if it will follow the system of ethics that

Prison Open, By George W. Bush - 2234 Words

George W. Bush once said â€Å"America is the land of the second chance and when the gates of the prison open, the path ahead should lead to better life.â€Å" The concept of his quote was pure, wholesome and is viewed as truth about the persona of America, but is this quote realistic? Realistic in some point’s because the path after prison should lead to better life. When you analyze the part that says â€Å"land of second chances,† that phrase in a lot of cases doesn’t exactly fit this country in some ways. Are men and women who are released from prison actually given a second chance at life or do they face extreme difficulty trying to live the American dream that is advertised as the milestone of living? Prison life forces individuals to change their†¦show more content†¦That doesn’t mean an ex-con can’t make it to the top of that mountain. Once released from prison, what are the first things that ex-cons have to do? They make time to go devour a nice meal since they spent years eating that horrendous prison food, maybe hook up with their significant other since they haven’t had sexual relations in a long time with the opposite sex or sex in general. When that is all over with the now released convict has to find a job. The path to a successful life after prison starts with how one would obtain money so they are less tempted to go back to their old ways. Trying to obtain a decent job is a must because with constant work and constant flow of money from their occupation, this will keep them busy and their thoughts away from the streets so they don’t think about what they could rather be doing. Acquiring a job though isn’t easy as it once was in the earlier years. According to the United States Bureau of Labor statistics showed that â€Å"in the year of 2010 the unemployment rate was at a high of 9.8% In the United States but back in 1989 that rate was about 5.4% and if you go back even furthe r to 1953 the unemployment rate was 2.9% (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014).† The increase in population of the country contributed to rate rising because with more people looking for jobs and there isn’t an

Business and Corporation Law Business Negligence

Question: Describe about the Business and Corporation Law for Business Negligence. Answer: Scenario 1 Issue: As per the situation given in the case where Tom who is a friend of Steve needed a cargo truck which could hold a cargo of 10 tons however, the truck collapsed in the mid of delivery due to failure of suspension and Tom incurs a loss of $5000 every day. Law Law of Negligence misrepresentations: The above stated issue falls under the law of negligence misrepresentations. As the actions of misrepresentations also has the ability to give rise the action of tort (Feldthusen, 2015). Application: Negligence misrepresentations under the common law occur when the defendant carelessly makes a statement, which may have no reasonable basis to believe it as true. Such type of negligence misrepresentations allows the plaintiff to claim for damages where neither of the parties involved in the collateral contract nor does any fraud is found. A.C. 465 states that if the court of discovers that a representations has been negligently on which the plaintiff relied upon shall be considered as actionable in tort (Feldthusen, 2015). Conclusion: Under the current scenario, Steve negligently made representations to Tom to supply him with a truck having the capability of carrying 12 tons of cargo and Tom believed in the statements made by Tom. However, in the mid transits, the suspension of truck broke down and he incurred a financial loss. Hence, Steves actions represent Negligence misrepresentations and Tom can enforce the law of tort on Steve for acting negligently. Scenario 2: Issue: Pamela who used to water Steves garden during his absence once phoned Steve to lend her a car so that she can travel for holidays. Steve promises to lend her the car on phone, however,, at the time of delivery it was known that Steve had let out the car to someone else. Under the given situation, Steve has broken the contract, which was made orally to Pamela. Law: Law of Past Considerations: The above stated issue falls under the Law of Past Considerations. Considerations can be considered as important element for the formation of contract (McKendrick, 2014). A promise will be enforceable in the court of law only if it assisted by considerations. Application The applicability of the law under the current situations of Pamela and Steve states that a promise is given in return to the promise received. Usually past considerations is not considered as sufficient considerations however, a past service rendered on the request of the promisor with the implications that he or she will paid for, is considered as sufficient considerations in return to a subsequent promise made to pay for them (McKendrick, 2014). Conclusion: Steve who has promised Pamela to give a car has broken his promise by letting out the car to someone else. It must be noted that either an express term is enforceable in the court of law for promissory statement made written or oral which makes up the part of a contract. Hence, Pamela can bring a legal suit against Steve on the terms made by him, which will have their legal effects as Steve has broken his promise. Scenario 3 Issues: As per the given situation Danny who wanted to hire Toyota corolla from Steve on a rental fee of $40 per day including fuel charge arrived to collect the car on the given date. However, on arrival danny learned that the car vehichle was already destroyed in crash by another customer. Steves actions under this context fall under the Unilateral mistake as one of the party to the contract is mistaken to the subject matter which is contained in the contract. Law: Law of Unilateral Mistakes The above stated situation falls under the laws of Unilateral mistakes. The law states that where both the parties enter into an agreement falls under the mistake regarding the subject matter, which is based on the fact, which is significant to agreement and the agreement is void (Mason, 2014) Applicability The applicability law under the current situation of Danny and Steve states the erroneous opinion relating to the value of things forming a part of the subject matter of the agreement. Mistake is considered as the complex area under the contract law. It should be noted that under the given case of Danny and Steve where it is rare for the common law to offer the defendant with a remedy for unilateral mistake but equity on the other hand will intervene the common law more frequently. Conclusion Under the given scenario, Steves actions of unilateral mistakes are liable to be effected with the consequences as Danny has the authority to enforce for the specific performance of the contract and is enforceable in the court of law. Generally, unilateral mistake does not make the contract void unless the common law provides the Caveat Venditor let the seller be aware. Scenario 4 Issues Under the given situation the issue that has been identified that Steve who was looking to install a new air condition in his premises had negotiated with the Cool It Aircon Ltd which was owned by Trisha. After going through the latest draft containing all the specifications of the air conditions the sheet containing the contract of terms was mixed with other piles of paper and mistakenly gave his assent and sent it by fax. Law Doctrine of Estoppel The above state situations fall under the Doctrine of Estoppel where an individual is prevented from making any sort of assertions, which is contradictory in nature (Frazer, 2015). Thus, the law prohibits a person from by the way of preventing a person from asserting a specific fact in the court of law. Applicability The applicability of law under the given scenario of bars Steve from denying a certain fact in consequences of his previous negotiations made with Trisha. The doctrine of estoppels impedes Steve from denial or admission in relation to the final adjudication of the matter of fact in a court of law (Frazer, 2015). Conclusion: The actions of Steve are liable to be prosecuted in the court of law for his negligence because he acted negligently and he cannot deny the fact that he sent a fax containing his assent. On being prosecuted by Trisha for Steve denial of admission falls under the Doctrine of Issue Estoppel as Steve will not be able to argue before the court that he was negligent and it was an act of mistake. Reference List Feldthusen, B. (2015). Tilting the Balance of Power between the Courts and Government Through the Common Law of Negligence.Available at SSRN 2631586. Frazer, N. C. (2015). Reassessing the Doctrine of Judicial Estoppel: The Implications of the Judicial Integrity Rationale.Va. L. Rev.,101, 1501. Mason, L. (2014). Restatement of the law on rectification: equitable relief for mistakes in contractual documents.International Company and Commercial Law Review. McKendrick, E. (2014).Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK).

Showdown between the U.S and the U.S.S.R

Introduction The Second World War was by far considered to be the most widespread war in the history of mankind. It was fought from 1939 to 1945 and involved most of the world’s nations (Sherman and Salisbury 758). The war resulted into the formation of two opposing military alliances. The aim of this paper is to identify the most important consequences of the Second World War and how the war specifically set up the showdown between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Showdown between the U.S and the U.S.S.R specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Important consequences of World War II There are several notable consequences of the Second World War that will be around for a long time. The first consequence of the Second World War was the disintegration of the alliance between the Soviet Union and the western allies (Sherman and Salisbury 760). This set the stage for the cold war and the divis ion of much of the world into spheres of influence (Sherman and Salisbury 767). The cold war later resulted into a nuclear arms race and many other forms of arms race including a space race. The second major consequence of the Second World War was the creation of a conflict in the Middle East. After the Holocaust the state of Israel was created in the Middle East. As a result of the direct consequences of the war, the British imperialism in the Middle East collapsed creating divided Arab States. These events that followed the Second World War were the major cause of the unending unrest in the Middle East region. As I direct consequence of the war, the European powers were significantly weakened. France and the UK ended up loosing most of their overseas empires and colonies. The world war also resulted into the US and the U.S.S.R attaining the superpower status and china embracing communism. How the World War specifically set up the showdown between the U.S and the U.S.S.R. Long befo re the end of the world war, the signs were clear that the alliance between the U.S.S.R and the western powers was bound to collapse. It had bee suggested that the dropping of the Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was as much a beginning as the end: While the bombs were dropped to finish off Japan, they also sent warning signals to the U.S.S.R. in regard to the power possessed by the United States. A confrontation was likely to occur between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R due to the deep seated problems that included the ones that follow (Sherman and Salisbury 768).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It can be remembered that the alliance between the U.S.S.R and the western powers to defeat Germany was not harmonious. The U.S.S.R suffered by far the greatest number of casualties and damage during the Second World War. As early as 1941, Stalin had requested the western Allies to set up a sec ond command in the West so as to relieve much of the pressure that the Soviet Union was going through. To him the response by the West was very slow causing his country to take in more and more pressure that it almost went to its knees (Sherman and Salisbury 766). The western powers were advancing democratic principles while the Soviet Union was advocating for communism. The Western powers did not want communism to expand beyond the Soviet Union and especially Stalin’s communism that was characterized by a theoretical commitment to world domination. The Soviet Union on the other hand did not like the idea of capitalism. It feared the spread of capitalism especially in regard to Europe’s post war weakness and the power of the U.S.A, with its strong economy and the atomic bomb (Sherman and Salisbury 767). A discussion regarding the shape of post war Europe was undertaken by allies at Yalta in 1944 (Sherman and Salisbury 766). Churchill and Stalin agreed on different area s in regard to influence in the post war Europe. Roosevelt, the American president of that time, opposed any formal arrangement. Churchill agreed to idea that the Soviet Union should maintain influence in Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania. Prior to the agreement the USA, USSR and Britain had signed the Declaration for the Liberation of Europe (Sherman and Salisbury 767). The declaration promised support for democratically elected governments. The western powers were upset rapid advance of USSR forces in 1945 and the imposition of communist governments in Hungary, Bulgaria, Rumania, Poland and Czechoslovakia. In the following year, Churchill made the famous iron curtain speech that condemned the Soviet Union expansion into central Europe. A response from Stalin stated how German forces had advanced into the Soviet Union through these countries (Hungary, Bulgaria, Rumania, Poland and Czechoslovakia) because their governments were hostile to the Soviet Union.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Showdown between the U.S and the U.S.S.R specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After these instances, the mistrust between the Soviet Union and the western powers continued. With Stalin insisting that whoever occupies any territory is free to impose the social system he favors (Sherman and Salisbury 769). The Truman Doctrine and the Marshal aid of 1947 helped the cold war to escalate to new levels. Work Cited Sherman, Dennis and Joyce Salisbury. The West In the World. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2008. Print. This essay on Showdown between the U.S and the U.S.S.R was written and submitted by user Princeton M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Amistad book review essays

Amistad book review essays The novel Amistad is one that discusses a group of slaves that were originally transported from Africa by Spanish traders employed by Queen Isabella II. These traders, however, claimed that these slaves came from Havanna, Cuba. The book reveals that these slaves were not unaccustomed to slavery in their own country. Cinque said at one point that there were some people who were enslaved because of debts or other such problems. He knew that he did not want to be a slave in America because of the way that he would be treated, and he was somewhat ashamed to say that in his country, his people had been enslaved as well. Cinque knew that slavery was wrong and that he would not like to be one because of the mistreatment that they received in America and in other places. It seems like a double standard that these transported slaves were used to the idea of slavery in their own country, but thought that it was unfair for anyone else to make them slaves. During the trial, the prosecutor also believed that this was a little strange and he tried to use it against them to say that slavery was not wrong; it was a part of life in the entire world. Cinque was the speaker for the rest of the slaves that had been transported and he told an account of what his people had to go through while they were on the ship called Amistad and even before that when they were on the original ship called the Tecora. They were brought to America on the vessel La Amistad and were supposed to be sold. The treatment on the Tecora was not pleasant at all any many slaves died in ways that were much more than torturous. Living space was tight and very confined and with that many people shoved that close together, sickness rampaged. Food was scarce and those who were lucky enough to receive food were only sustained long enough to be beaten later, sometimes to thei ...

Words About Naming from Latin

Words About Naming from Latin Words About Naming from Latin Words About Naming from Latin By Mark Nichol The Latin word nomen, meaning â€Å"name,† is the source of many words in English that pertain to names and naming. Here are the most common of those words and their definitions. Nomen itself is the word for the family name of a Roman citizen, the second of the three names usually given. A praenomen (meaning â€Å"before name†) is a first name, and a cognomen (â€Å"with name†) is the third name. (The word can also generically mean â€Å"name† and can refer to an epithet or nickname.) An agnomen (â€Å"to name†) is an additional name or an epithet attached to a person’s name because of some achievement or honor. The adjective nominal (â€Å"of a name†) means â€Å"in name only† or â€Å"approximate† or â€Å"very small in amount,† though it has a more specific sense in financial contexts related to loans and interest. The verb nominate means â€Å"designate† or â€Å"name,† while a denomination is a name for a class of things, though the word generally refers to the value of a particular amount of currency (for example, a quarter and a twenty-dollar bill are denominations) or to a religious group (for example, Baptists and Methodists are members of specific Christian denominations). Noun, from Anglo-French and referring to a person, a place, or a thing, is directly descended from nomen; a pronoun (â€Å"for name†) is a word (such as it) used in place of a noun. Renown (â€Å"speak of name†), meaning â€Å"fame† or â€Å"respect,† was spelled renoun in Anglo-French; its adjectival form, sometimes misspelled reknowned (as if the root word is known) or incorrectly styled the same as the noun form, is renowned. A misnomer (â€Å"incorrect name†), meanwhile, is a name that is not appropriate or proper to identify something, and ignominious (â€Å"not name,† in the sense of not acquiring or retaining a good reputation) means â€Å"disgraceful† or â€Å"humiliating.† Words pertaining to naming for scientific classification include nomenclature (â€Å"name assignment†), meaning â€Å"a system of naming† or â€Å"the act of naming† or referring to a name itself. Binomial (â€Å"two names†) is an adjective referring to a two-word name for a species (as homo sapiens); these two words are often paired as â€Å"binomial nomenclature† to refer to the system used to create such names. (Binomial also has the meaning in mathematics of â€Å"an expression of two numbers connected by a plus or minus sign.) There is also a set of terms such as â€Å"nomen dubium† (â€Å"dubious name†) referring to the status of specific scientific nomenclature, and variations on binomial include trinomial, polynomial, and multinomial. Another word for classification that might mistakenly be assumed to derive from nomen is taxonomy (â€Å"arrangement method†; the second part of the word is the same suffix seen in economy and other words for systems), which originally applied to categorization of living things by their relationships but was later extended to general organization (as in the model of learning strategies known as Bloom’s taxonomy) and to the arrangement of data on a website. Two other words unrelated to nomen that appear to have the same etymology include phenomenon (from a Greek word meaning â€Å"to appear†), meaning â€Å"something impressive or popular because of an unusual ability or quality† or â€Å"something unusual or difficult to explain or understand,† and anomaly (Greek, â€Å"not even† in the sense of being not the same), meaning â€Å"something unexpected or unusual.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"How to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and TricksApostrophe with Plural Possessive Nouns

Team Dynamics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Team Dynamics - Assignment Example However, it could also cost the organization due to high turnover, communication breakdowns and interpersonal conflicts. These differences determine work attitude and ultimately the success of the organization. This study examines two theories that explain how this cultural diversity presents challenges to managers. It also entails the ways in which managers can overcome the differences and instead use it to grow the organization. The integrated threat theory emphasizes on feelings of fear or threat as the leading reason why managers face challenges when working in a diverse environment. Feelings of threat or fear are closely linked to communication breakdown in an organization. According to this theory, feelings of threats are caused by four conditions including prior conflict history, knowledge gap or ignorance, status and contact. Intergroup conflict history is the main cause of conflicts in a culturally diverse working environment. Past intergroup conflicts present a backdrop on how two groups will interact today. The more stretched and damaging the past conflict is the more negative perceived prejudices and threats attitudes will exist between the two interacting groups (Guilherme, MeÃŒ ndez, & Glaser 2010). Secondly, ignorance or intergroup knowledge gap refers to how little people know about each other or how much they think they know about another group based on stereotypes. As a result, a hostile moment leads one group to perceive the other group as a threat. Thirdly, the type and frequency of contact between two culturally different groups contributes to feelings of trust or mistrust, security or insecurity and familiarity or unfamiliarity. If they exhibit a personalized and positive the contact, they will see beyond their differences. However, if contact is at surface level and negative, then negative prejudices and stereotypes will be used to justify the situation (Guilherme, MeÃŒ ndez, & Glaser 2010). Fourth,

The growth of new media has changed the way media products are Essay

The growth of new media has changed the way media products are produced and consumed. Particularly, mobile phones, the Internet, - Essay Example To understand this further, I supplement my discussion with reference from combined cognitive behavioral theory in communication and mass media. In this essay, I will be discussing the importance of cognitive and behavioral approach in creating a successful message direct to the audience, which must have been the case Apple used in order to generate future substantial market share particularly in urban populations in Asia. In this paper, I am able to argue that the advancement of effective communication channel from the new media creates a successful integration of information, which makes cognitive and behavioral appeal so appealing and effective. Cognitive and Behavioral theory Cognitive and behavioral theories have their focus on psychology of individuals. Marketing products is remarkably about trying to understand customers’ behaviors, especially on their buying behaviors. These are all observable activities that marketers for many years considered important information pr ior to creating product or service offerings. These can all be measured or observed as behavioral psychology focuses on observable behaviors (Feldman, 2006). However, down deeper in understanding what are the things going on prior to a certain behavior, some experts believe that customers or people in general have internal mental processes, so this is the point of cognitive theory (Feldman, 2006). One therefore could not be able to understand the internal mental processes within a person, unless a certain behavior which is believed to be a certain output is observed. Marketers for many years have tried to understand the complex human behavior in order to integrate product or service offerings that have messages to make sense with its target audience when already out in the market. However, today, companies like Apple Incorporated have been trying to create a need for their product and service offerings for the belief that there must be something unconscious needs in everyone that re quire to be unleashed, which could only be realized when a person finally would come to consider seeing something to motivate such unconsciousness. Sigmund Freud believed that our behavior is motivated by the unconscious, a part of us that we are not actually aware (Feldman, 2006). Apple Incorporated in its goal to innovate possibilities tries to impress us with its fresh innovation. We can actually live without smartphones, but Apple is trying to reach such unconsciousness in us, by creating it to a point that we must live to a necessary luxury. Apple is therefore successful in creating a need for its product offerings, as its innovation has become one of the leading products out in the market today. Apple therefore has been successful in reaching the unconscious part in its prospective and target customers, in a way that could be proven from the actual behavior of consumers towards its product offerings, but this could be applicable in other parts of the world somewhere, for the m ean time. In Asia, the potential market such as Indonesia and India are still price conscious and would be willing to invest in products that could satisfy such criterion, but it cannot be denied Apple has become a personal choice even if the price of its offerings was not comparable to other related products in its industry (Arakali and Master, 2012). In this case, I am trying to construct the idea

Problem Statement Essay Example for Free

Problem Statement Essay Does audit rotation at diverse levels (accomplice level versus firm level) in distinctive settings (compulsory versus intentional) connected with improved audit quality. Taking into account our audit of the writing, it is a long way from indisputable whether mandatory audit firm or audit partner rotation can enhance audit quality, nor is it clear whether deliberate audit firm or partner revolution can substitute for obligatory audit rotation. Mandatory rotation may upgrade audit quality focused around the suspicion that turn brings a crisp viewpoint. Not with standing, mandatory rotation may be less compelling if the recently turned reviewers need sufficient learning of the customer. The loss of customer particular learning could possibly impede the viability and nature of the review. Intentional turn practices can be powerful in keeping up audit quality if an audit company business sector and financial impetuses for creating or keeping up a great notoriety surpass its monetary investments from submitting to the requests of particular customers. Generally, it is hazy whether the obligatory rotation of auditors is a powerful answer for upgrade audit quality. The degree to which intentional and obligatory auditor turns at diverse levels can substitute for one another in keeping up audit quality is thusly an observational inquiry. The above discourse prompts the accompanying examination question. Audit rotation at diverse levels (accomplice level versus firm level) and in diverse settings (compulsory versus willful) connected with higher audit quality in less created locales than in decently created locales. There is a developing writing that analyzes how institutional components influence audit quality crosswise over nations (Francis et al., 2003; Khurana and Raman, 2004; Choi and Wong, 2007; Francis furthermore Wang, 2008). Establishments shift a ton crosswise over China (e.g., Wang et al., 2008), which gives us with a chance to test whether institutional and market improvement elements, for example, the lawful environment and speculator insurance influence audit quality. Leeway of directing between provincial studies inside one nation is that we can catch the impact of foundations on audit quality free from pollution because of nation contrasts in bookkeeping and inspecting models, 14 assessment, and liquidation laws. As former writing (e.g., Francis et al., 2003; Khurana and Raman, 2004;Francis and Wang, 2008) recommends, auditors  may be more touchy to the expense of customer distorting and are more inclined to keep up audit quality as institutional administrations get to be stronger. In districts with well (less) created markets, the examiners may be all the more (less) prone to be worried about the potential impact of trading off audit quality on their legitimate risk and market notoriety. In this manner, there is less incremental interest for compulsory auditor rotation in well created areas. Conversely, mandatory audit rotation may be more vital in less created areas, which need business motivators or oversights to keep auditors determined and free. Consequently, we audit whether the impact of required or willful auditors rotation on audit quality is more claimed in less created areas than in decently created locales. This prompts our second research question. The relationship between customer particular information and audit quality. The inverse and clashing forecasts and discoveries in earlier studies on to the connection between audit tenure and audit quality may be attributable to the disappointment to together inspect directing elements, for example, auditors specialization, charges reliance, and auditor’s motivators (Doyle and Ge, 2007; Daugherty et al.,2012).therefore, the accompanying areas concentrate on recognizing the critical variables that may direct the relationship between audit rotation and audit quality. The relationship between mandatory auditor rotation and client-specific knowedge. Contentions for broadened auditor–client relations rest essentially on a mastery contention. Past exploration has reliably shown that auditor experience has a positive impact on audit quality (Dougherty et al., 2012). Case in point, Brazel et al. (2010) find that customer particular learning, an intermediary for auditor experience, builds auditors capacity to discover misrepresentation markers. On a related note, a few studies (e.g., Lenox, 1999) contend that non-audit activities performed by the audit firms has a tendency to prompt expanding the auditors experience and learning of the customers operations and environment, and thus expand the capacity to discover error in the budgetary explanations.Therefore,providing non-audit ativities to the customer can have a positive instead of a negative effect on audit quality.therefore,  required audit firm or audit partner rotations, specifically when there are no compelling information exchange techniques, may prompt the loss of both express and inferred client-specific knowledge, and thus to decreased audit quality. Audit quality be contrarily influenced when a lead partner who has picked up this particular information of the customer is supplanted. Auditor ndependence is the foundation of the auditing profession. Auditor independence alludes to the likelihood that auditors will report the error in money related explanations (Colbert and Murray, 1998) and the capacity of auditors to oppose weight from a client (Goldman and Barlev, 1974). Along these lines, auditors who have a high level of independence will have a high likelihood of distinguishing and reporting lapses or budgetary misquotes, and henceforth will have the capacity to focus the genuine status of the reviewed firm, i.e. make an excellent review (Deangelo, 1981; Colbert and Murray, 1998). One of the discussed components that influence auditor independence is auditor tenure. It is contended that more drawn out relationship between audit partner and their clients can make individual connections that make it more troublesome for the auditor to act independently of the inclination of the client (Deangelo, 1981). This is further disturbed by the dread of auditors of losing a relentless stream of future audit incomes, specifically from vital client who pay the auditor huge audit expenses. Likewise, this may lead auditors to agree to the clients requests (Lim and Tan, 2010). Therefore, compulsory accomplice turn mitigates the closeness of the relationship between audit partner and their client, and improves the auditors capacity to oppose weight from administration. The consequences of this stream of exploration (e.g., Hattifield et al., 2011) propose that there is a positive relationship between audit firm/or audit partner rotation and the extent of proposed audit adjustment. Simnett and Carey (2006) likewise discover a negative relationship between auditor independence and the probability of issuing a going concern assessment as an intermediary of audit quality.hence it might be contended that auditor turn can improve auditor independence and hence expand the likelihood of distinguishing and reporting budgetary misquote

Commodity Prices :: essays papers

Commodity Prices The financial term commodity is defined as a physical substance, such as food, grains, a and metals, which is interchangeable with other product of the same type, and which investors buy or sell, usually through future contracts. Or more generally, a product which trades on a commodity exchange; this would also include foreign currencies and financial instruments and indexes. When one speaks of a commodity, they can be referring to two types of this aspect of finance. A cash commodity or an actual is an actual physical commodity which is delivered at the completion of a "contract" This is the lesser utilized of commodities.(Investors Glossary) The more predominant type of commodity that is used is the commodity futures contract. The futures markets are described as continuous auction markets and exchanges providing the latest information about supply and demand with respect to individual commodities, financial instruments, and currencies. Futures exchanges are where buyers and sellers of an expanding list of commodities, financial instruments, and currencies, come together to trade. The primary purpose of futures markets, is to provide an efficient and effective mechanism to manage price risk. The futures market allows buyers and sellers to stabilize the price of something. Individuals and businesses seek to achieve insurance against adverse price changes. This is done by buying or selling futures contracts, with a price level established now, for items to be delivered later. A common practice amongst the traders of futures is called hedging. The details of hedging can be somewhat complex but the principle is simple. Hedgers are individuals and firms that make purchases and sales in the futures market solely for the purpose of establishing a known price level-weeks or months in advance-for something they later intend to buy or sell in the cash market (such as at a grain elevator or in the bond market). In this way they attempt to protect themselves against the risk of an unfavorable price change in the interim or hedgers may use futures to lock in an acceptable margin between their purchase cost and their selling price. A perfect example of how the futures trading works is provided in the agricultural form of commodities. For example, a food manufacturer will need to buy additional corn from his supplier in three months.

Critically discuss the function of structure within the therapeutic relationship Essay

Extensive literature shows no significant differences in therapeutic outcomes between therapeutic approaches, but yet, these approaches differ to varying degrees in regards to values, techniques and emphasis on structure. This then poses an equivalence paradox with clearly non-equivalent techniques. The explanation for this commonality in therapeutic outcome between therapeutic approaches is the client-therapist relationship also known as the therapeutic alliance. The therapeutic alliance is a more encompassing term for the underlying interpersonal interactions and the collaborative nature of the partnership between a therapist and a client. Meta analytic research studies show that the therapeutic relationship counts for . 21 in effect size, while in combinations with technical focus, the effect size is . 76. While not equally as effective as technique alone with an effect size of . 55, it is significant in its contributions to therapeutic outcome and has been worth the focus on how it develops over time and the subsequent development of a generic structure to establish and maintain across all theoretical approaches. This essay will aim to explore this partnership and the necessary steps or requirements on the part of the therapist in order to establish it and the ways client preferences and goals are incorporated into treatment, in other words, structure required for the establishment and maintenance of the relationship as there is research evidence to support the establishment of this alliance early for stronger therapeutic outcome. Generally, work with clients usually have a preparatory phase: a first phone call perhaps, and introduction on both parts to the tasks and goals ahead. A beginning phase that involves the face-to-face meet up, initial greeting an outline of the therapist’s agenda, contracting, negotiating and setting and summary of goals. A middle phase: the therapist is concerned with facilitating learning and change congruent with therapeutic goals and assumptions about change. The ending phase also involves process goals in order to seek resolution of client issues, consolidate learning and change and evaluate therapeutic outcome. There’s evidence to show that therapeutic alliance needs to be formed within the first three sessions for a good therapeutic outcome. Regardless of the therapeutic approach, there is evidence that certain generic skills are important and required for the establishment of a structure within therapeutic alliance. These generic skills include basic communication skills, but also more complex skills which the therapist needs. They can be learnt and practiced as techniques but the therapeutic use of them with the client depends not only on the communication skill but on the attitude and intention of the therapist, an inside energy of sorts, that comes from commitment to understand the person from their frame of reference and the therapists internal supervision, awareness and self-review. The following macro and micro skills ensure the therapist emphases the importance of inner work alongside their practice. 1) Making Psychological contact This is an intangible personal process that changes from moment to moment, a psychological exchange of energy between human beings. It is dependent on the skills, experience, attitudes and emotions that each brings to the situation and it presents itself on a spectrum. It ranges from clients who make no contact at all to those who invade the therapist’s personal space and on the other side, the therapist’s ability to make contact could be influenced by how they perceive new clients and other factors such as culture, class, race, gender, age and sexual orientation. The therapist’s experience of initial interpersonal contact can be developed by self-reflection. Impartial witnessing: The observation of inner processes without judgement. Awareness of how others experience the therapist’s psychological contact e. g. Is it warm or cool, intrusive or distant etc? And finally, skills of greeting appropriately and starting the interaction with particular adjustments made after attention is paid to and sensitivity of culture, age, gender etc. 2) Effecting Intake and Assessment In an interview or a formal assessment, specific skills are needed. They include: Asking for information: It is imperative that the client is made to understand the purpose of the questions and what will happen with the records. Purpose stating: What the therapist wants to happen and must happen. This helps to set the scene of openness to clients so that they know the therapist’s intentions or purpose and also to experience the therapist as congruent. Preference stating: What the therapist would like to happen  with an element of choice for the client. Knowing when to say â€Å"no† to a client and knowing how to communicate this congruently, respectfully and empathically. 3) Introducing tape recording This is something therapist’s approach with trepidation and technical skill and appropriate equipment is required to execute. The therapist requires confidence and conviction to obtain permission from the client and it needs to be part of the initial contract. 4) Contracting and clarifying therapy Negotiating a contract with a client requires particularly the multiple skills of active listening, paraphrasing, reflecting feelings, summarizing, asking questions, purpose and preference stating, a balance between assertion and flexibility. 5) Beginning to build a relationship The ability to communicate empathic understanding of the client, to show unconditional respect, and to be perceived as congruent, requires inner and outer, receptive and responding skills. The client needs to hear that the therapist understands him from his point of view, accepting and not judging him, and is openly present for him and genuine in the role. This openness conveyed by the therapist may vary with the orientation: Skills required to communicate this are: 1) Attention giving: The non-verbal show of accessibility, receptivity and presence which are all influenced by an inner attitude dependent on the awareness and sensitivity of the therapist. 2) Observing: Knowing what non-verbal and verbal cues to look out for. For example; posture, facial expression, tone and volume of voice, responsiveness etc. These clues are sought to begin to understand the client’s internal frame of reference. Also, the therapist needs to scan their own body for clues and observe how the client makes them feel. 3) Listening and Hearing. The former is merely the inner sensory activity that involves picking up sounds while the latter is the same inner sensory activity aligned with attention giving. When clients feel really listened to, they are encouraged to talk and reveal themselves. Accurate listening can help clients to increase self-awareness and reduce defensiveness and direct focus towards their own behaviour. It provides psychological space and support for client’s self-exploration. The use of a combination of the above skills to focus the therapist and client at appropriate points in the interaction. It can be used as a check for understanding, pulling together thoughts, bridge to help client move on, return to something significant and to structure the interaction if the therapist or the client is getting lost. 5) Responding or facilitating skills: Also known as active listening skills. These demonstrate and communicate empathy and acceptance and facilitate exploration. They are sometimes referred to as first level empathy, distinguishing them from deeper empathy. The latter is used when there is deeper understanding of the client’s inner world. Using advanced empathy too soon, exposes a risk of inaccuracy and poses too much of a challenge for the client. First level empathy consists of paraphrasing and reflecting feelings. Paraphrasing is picking up the meaning of the client’s words and having and extensive vocabulary to put it back to him reflecting accurately the feeling and meaning in a tentative way to check understanding. It is not parroting and using jargon or over technical terms. Done well, it enables clients to hear and understand themselves afresh. Reflecting feelings is identifying what the client is feeling often mainly from non-verbals like tone of voice, bodily expression and therapist’s own bodily resonance. Therapist’s need to be sensitive to different cultural subtleties as inaccurate reflections may neutralize the intensity of the client’s feelings. All these skills are the beginning blocks for building a relationship and for helping clients explore what they want from a therapist and therapy. In the main they are supportive skills. Skills which continue to build the relationship and develop the interaction will be considered next. These skills are challenging, both for the client and therapist. Development and maintenance of the therapeutic relationship: Moving the client forward As mentioned above, the skills discussed so far can be considered as supportive – helping clients feel safe enough to begin to explore themselves and their situation. To move on in the relationship and the interaction requires skills which will challenge the client to explore further – to gain new perspective and new frameworks and see the world in a different way. How the client will receive the challenge will depend on the relationship which has been built and how it is maintained and developed; all the supportive skills will still be needed, appropriately interspersed with the challenging ones. Inner skills: Challenging a client requires the inner skill of the therapist in examining their own feelings about challenging others. The therapist needs to know how comfortable they are with challenging a client. This skill is should be applied tentatively and timing is crucial. A therapist needs to be able to gauge implicitly and explicitly when and how to challenge a client and which of these interactions are based on theories of counselling and psychotherapy. This skill really requires an inner awareness and careful attention to personal development is required. This is where tape recording and supervision are important in the review and identifications of values, beliefs, thoughts, feelings and sensations guiding the choices made. Outer skills: Responsible challenging requires well-practised communication skills. Focusing. The therapist needs to help clients focus, if they are to move forward. Summarizing. As mentioned above, summarizing provides bridges, draws themes together and is used for keeping track. It is a useful skill that requires accurate listening, ability to filter relevant thoughts and feelings and ability to communicate them clearly. Both summarising and focusing provide challenge to clients Concrete examples. Sometimes it can be useful to ask clients for more specific thoughts, experiences and feelings. Communicating deeper empathy. The ability to pick up the real meaning behind the words, thoughts and feelings of the client which are buried, out of reach or implied and which may come to the therapist as a hunch. The skill is to put it into appropriate words when the timing is right. Challenging. Gently confronting clients to change their perspective, see a bigger picture, recognize strengths they are not using, note discrepancies between verbal and non-verbal behaviour or identify behaviour that is destructive to them and others. Self-disclosure. Here there are two types; the therapist disclosing past experience or the disclosure of thoughts and feelings about the client’s thoughts or experiences. There are advantages and disadvantages to this. Timing and discrimination of content disclosed is important. It could help as a model for the clients and help build the relationship or it may be perceived by the client as maladjustment and hence reduce confidence or the increased intimacy may be threatening to them. It is unhelpful at the beginning stages of therapy as the therapist should be concentrating on staying with the client’s experience. Disclosure needs a sufficiently secure relationship and should be used selectively at the later stages of therapy. Immediacy. Discussing directly and openly what is happening between therapist and client. It involves awareness of what’s going on inside the therapist and what is imagined as going on within the client and what is happening between the two. It is quite complex and challenging to do well, but when executed properly provides client with insight as to how their behaviours affect others. It involves competence in support skills as well as self-involving statements. It requires assertion and is very helpful to build or repair a therapeutic relationship, identify issues with class, age, gender, race, sexuality etc and in psychoanalysis and psychodynamic practice, identify transference and countertransference. All the skills so far require a lot of practice with feedback for development and lead to the final section. Monitoring self within the therapeutic process, evaluation and development of own work. This requires all the previous skills as well as the additional self-management skills which are: developing a caring acceptance of self, impartially witnessing of internal processes, identifying and using resources to meets learning, emotional, physical needs, ongoing identification and checking of belief and theories, planning ongoing training and personal development, reflecting, review of recordings and supervision, reviewing with clients and asking for feedback from clients Summary Both supporting and challenging skills, regardless of theoretical approach are necessary for the establishment of structure within a therapeutic relationship. This structure and framework is important in ensuring that therapists are mindful of what is required to provide a supportive base to establish trust and rapport and then in the later stages more challenging skill are utilized to provide the necessary challenge that is required to guide clients into awareness and positive change. Another possibly useful generic skill would be a termination skill to help the therapist during the end phases of therapy help the client consolidate learning and evaluate outcome and prepare for possible relapse prevention and management and finally, client autonomy. Theoretical considerations There is no denying that the generic skills discussed above have built around and extended from the conditions identified by Carl Rogers in person centred therapy, to reiterate, they would be the maintenance of an attitude of acceptance or unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding, as well as personal congruence or integration. Being a non-directive therapeutic approach that typically places emphasis on the above, supportive skills would be utilized mainly. Challenge skills, less so, but on occasion, as onus is placed on the client directing the therapy. Cognitive behaviour therapy utilizes an active-directive collaborative style. In its very nature, it is quite structured. In reductionist terms, it occurs in the following four stages: the assessment, cognitive, behavioural and learning stages. The therapeutic alliance needs to occur in the assessment stage, usually in the first session because quite rapidly after, from the cognitive stage, negative automatic thoughts are identified and challenged. This means, supportive skills and challenge skills are introduced quite rapidly and interwoven up till the learning stage and termination. In Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches, a distinction is made between the real relationship, transference and counter transference and a working alliance. The real relationship would be akin to the therapeutic relationship as defined earlier and would only be encountered after transference and counter transference because they are considered to be more of a contamination to the real relationship and would need to be worked through and resolved. Meaning the therapist would take a more reticent stance, utilizing mostly support skills initially and challenge skills only during the working alliance, (the alignment of the client’s reasonable self or ego and the therapist’s analysing self or ego for the purpose of therapy) towards the later stages of therapy where interpretation of unconscious conflicts, defence mechanisms and resistances take place. Other considerations Having a framework is important in the development and establishment of rapport and therapeutic alliance but there are salient points to factor in. The therapist needs to have a level of awareness of the similarities and differences between them and their prospective clients to avoid the traps of varying degrees of gender inequality, ageism, disability and social class discrimination, homophobia and other sexual orientation based discrimination, religion, spiritual, agnostic and atheist discrimination, and also, racial, cultural and ethnical discrimination. Regardless of how well a therapist conceptualizes how to establish therapeutic alliance, lack of knowledge and experience on these socio economic and socio cultural factors could prove counterproductive.

National Parks: a Double Edged Sword?

National Parks: A Double Edged Sword? Justin Pearly Environmental History Prof. Mark Bishop Newell Tuesday July 21, 2009 Pearly 1 Few places can match the sheer diversity of wildlife and culture that exists in the country’s national park system. Humans, with the future in mind, have â€Å"set aside† these beautiful sites of wonder and awe. But at what cost? Do national parks end up being good and bad at the same time? Our national parks are a supposed to be a natural treasure. Here the unspoiled grandeur and beauty of nature can be appreciated in its most pristine form. However, the amount of people that are visiting these parks has risen to levels that threaten the very beauty and well-being of these paradises. Its now seems apparent that there is a price to pay for allowing humans into an area that did not have many humans before. To understand the present state of the nation’s parks, and ultimately their entire future, it is crucial to first look back at the past. The first national park was Yellowstone National Park. This sprawling park contains such amazing geological and biological sites that it had been considered a national park long before it was ever officially named one. Its combination of diverse wildlife, and geologic features such as, waterfalls, canyons, geysers, and hot springs made it obvious to any who had experienced it, that this was a place that should be preserved just the way it was. That was why in 1872, President Ulysses S. Grant made it officially the world’s first national park. The only problem being, it was a completely unique creation, the first of its kind. This means that all ground that they covered would be new. Due to inconsistencies with the way national parks were being governed, and the fact that there were was no central governing body for national parks Congress created a Pearly 2 National Park Service that would operate within jurisdiction of the Secretary of the interior. Signed by President Woodrow Wilson on August 25, 1916, the National Park Service Organic Act created the National Park Service which put the country’s national parks in its jurisdiction. Wendy Hart Beckman in her book entitled â€Å"National Parks in Crisis: Debating the Issues,† states that, â€Å"The Organic Act said the National Park Service’s purpose was to ‘promote and regulate the use of the†¦ national parks†¦ which purpose is to conserve scenery and the natural historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations. † When trying to unravel the ethics and issues concerning the parks one must keep referring back to this original mission statement. The purpose of national parks is to enjoy the scenery and to leave it unchanged for future generations. However, this statement seems somewhat contradictory, when considering the fact that most national parks are areas that did not have native humans for much of their history. One of the first things to consider about this complex issue is: Why do people want to go there in the first place? Why is it important to them? The first and most obvious reason to let people into our national parks is for their own personal enjoyment. People derive a great deal of pleasure out of leaving their boring, monotonous urban and suburban lives behind even if it is for just a weekend, or merely an evening. People in cites often lead sedentary lifestyles, and need to get outside in a natural setting even if it is just to walk. Some people might even think the air in these preserves tastes fresher! People get a taste of what the earth was like before humans were there. These Pearly 3 can be places of relaxing or exercising. Have a you ever scaled a thousand foot mountain? Hiking can be quite exhilarating. Parents can, in effect, introduce the next generation of conservationists to these areas. Children that have grown up with these sites in their hearts will never forget how incredibly important they are. People becoming informed and interested in nature is one of the most important functions of a national park besides the preservation of the actual land itself. Even without any previous interactions with nature, or any history or knowledge of the place that you are going to you may find and enjoyment to be effortless. When people witness something with their own eyes, it is very different from looking at a picture, or reading about something in a textbook. There is a definitive advantage to experiencing things in person. Subtleties stand out. All five senses can be invoked. People who are not familiar with this kind of beauty are usually particularly awestruck. A memory is formed which is nearly impossible to erase or change (although one’s perspective of the event can change). Every time one person gets hooked on nature, that person will usually try to their share its grandeur with other people. People who appreciate that wonderful wilderness will then go out of their way to help conserve it. There is also a secondary effect in addition to making the individual feel good. Whether or not a reverence for nature existed before their encounters with these sacred sanctuaries does not matter at the point that people start to care about these wonderlands. All that matters then is that people who have visited and enjoyed themselves now feel like they have a vested interest in the parks. Now that they have traveled through the park, they feel the weight of responsibility for their actions. They also realize that everything they do, can produce an effect which, were they not there, never would have occurred. The more Pearly 4 aware and informed people are, the better the decisions they tend to make. There is even an organization called â€Å"Leave No Trace, Inc. † which tries to inform visitors of ways they can reduce the amount of impact on the ecosystem during visits. The group has even compiled a list of seven â€Å"principles† that can help people lessen their impact on the land. 1. Travel and camp on durable surfaces 2. Leave what you find 3. Plan ahead and prepare 4. Dispose of waste properly 5. Minimize campfire impacts 6. Respect Wildlife 7. Be considerate of other visitors While all these principles sound nice on paper, the amount that people adhere to them, and how effective they can be in reducing our footprint remains to be seen. When discussing the concept of â€Å"leaving not trace† one must begin to wonder about the impact of human travel. Even a foot-trail through a park is altering the natural landscape. The question of how much altering of the landscape is acceptable is not an easy one. It has led to intense debate for over a century. Roads are one of the most obvious signs of human interference. While providing a route for visitors to come and enjoy the parks, they also obscure the natural landscape. I think most would agree that a road cutting through even the most pristine wilderness takes Pearly 5 something away from it. So, the parks need people, and people need roads. Or do they? A rather extreme solution might be to restrict road building all together. Access to areas could be achieved by a more â€Å"green† method such a bicycles, or walking. There is also a major issue of dam building. Many a heated debate has occurred when discussing dam building. There are few things that alter the natural landscape like a dam. One would think that national parks would be free from man made structures such as dams. However this is not the case. For example in the 1930’s the federal Bureau of Reclamation proposed putting a dam in Dinosaur National Monument’s Echo Canyon. The purpose of this would be create a clean source of electricity using the power of the water flowing over the dam that would be built. While many of the locals upstream from the dam liked the prospect of water in their dry canyon, they would be flooding one of the greatest fossil sites of the Jurassic. Let’s consider the interaction between people and animals. This has been a long and curious story. With the intention of making the park safer for visitors, park staff have, in the past, killed animals that were deemed a nuisance. This includes predatory animals such as wolf or bear, but also includes herbivores such as the elk. And while it is no longer legal for anyone to kill these animals, we have accepted a very shaky truce with them. Humans entering parks are told specifically not to feed the animals. It is a warning that is not heeded as much as it needs to be. When wild animals are fed by humans they get conditioned to expect food from them. Therefore, they are more likely to come around humans hoping for food. This can be very dangerous! While wild animals can seem cute Pearly 6 and harmless they rarely are (harmless of course). Even something seemingly docile like a white-tailed deer can become aggressive and do severe damage, especially to an unsuspecting human. People frequently fail to realize that wild animals are just that; wild. Wild translates into unpredictable. I’m sure I could get more than a few circus performers to agree with me. The irony of this whole situation is the greatest asset to national parks also happens to be their greatest downfall, Humans, while having the potential to create on a monumental level, also have a similar capacity for destruction. Even more confusing is that fact that the opinions of people on both sides of these issue have well founded, and very convincing arguments. National parks are an important part of American history and need to be preserved for the enjoyment of future generations. Debate is good in the sense that any publicity is good publicity. As long as people feel strongly on both sides we are more likely to reach some sort of compromise. Pearly 7 Bibliography De Voto, Bernard. â€Å"Shall we let them ruin our national parks? † Saturday Evening Post, July 22, 1950. Chittenden, Hiram Martin. The Yellowstone National Park Beckman, Wendy Hart. National Parks in Crisis: Debating the Issues (Berkley Heights: Enslow, 2004) Wendy Hart Beckman, National Parks in Crisis: Debating the Issues (Berkley Heights: Enslow, 2004) Beckman 18, 19 Beckman 65-68 Beckman 19, 20 Beckman 14, 15, 53

Free Essays on Ghengis Khan

â€Å" The Mongolian Empire† The Mongolian warrior Genghis Khan (1162-1227), also known as Jenghiz Khan was said to have conquered over two-thirds of the known world in his lifetime. He was renowned as a brilliant strategist, employing methods of warfare that were decades before his time. He had a mobile cavalry, coordinated fighting style, and respect for his subordinates, the Mongolian horde. Temu-jin of Mongolia, best known by others as Genghis Khan, meaning â€Å"Universal ruler† or â€Å"emperor of all emperors† is said to have created one of the greatest empires spanning from China to the Adriatic Sea. Temu-jin was the son of Kiyat- Borijiad chieftan who was assassinated when Temu-jin was a young man. Most of the followers of Genghis Khans father felt he was to young of a boy to protect them, so the tribe went and sought a more powerful lord leaving Genghis Khan and his family to fend for themselves. For about ten years they lived off the land eating roots, berries and small animals such as mice. During these years it taught Genghis Khan to not be foolishly adventurous and brave giving him the shrewd, steady and practical personality that will be reflected in his return to unite the Mongols in his conquests. Years later in 1206 he would accept the rule of leader of the Kiyat tribes in an attempt to reunite his people. The many hardships he endured in his youth would embolden him and give him courage to face the battles that lay ahead. Starting from nowhere Genghis Khan he had to improve his station in life, he sought the help of a friend of his fathers Togrul- Khan of the Keraits. Genghis Khan used a coat of black sable as a gift to Togrul-Khan in exchange for his promise of reuniting his Fathers’ followers. â€Å"As a descendent of royal blood, he considered himself an aristocrat of the Steppes, he was the father of three valiant war... Free Essays on Ghengis Khan Free Essays on Ghengis Khan â€Å" The Mongolian Empire† The Mongolian warrior Genghis Khan (1162-1227), also known as Jenghiz Khan was said to have conquered over two-thirds of the known world in his lifetime. He was renowned as a brilliant strategist, employing methods of warfare that were decades before his time. He had a mobile cavalry, coordinated fighting style, and respect for his subordinates, the Mongolian horde. Temu-jin of Mongolia, best known by others as Genghis Khan, meaning â€Å"Universal ruler† or â€Å"emperor of all emperors† is said to have created one of the greatest empires spanning from China to the Adriatic Sea. Temu-jin was the son of Kiyat- Borijiad chieftan who was assassinated when Temu-jin was a young man. Most of the followers of Genghis Khans father felt he was to young of a boy to protect them, so the tribe went and sought a more powerful lord leaving Genghis Khan and his family to fend for themselves. For about ten years they lived off the land eating roots, berries and small animals such as mice. During these years it taught Genghis Khan to not be foolishly adventurous and brave giving him the shrewd, steady and practical personality that will be reflected in his return to unite the Mongols in his conquests. Years later in 1206 he would accept the rule of leader of the Kiyat tribes in an attempt to reunite his people. The many hardships he endured in his youth would embolden him and give him courage to face the battles that lay ahead. Starting from nowhere Genghis Khan he had to improve his station in life, he sought the help of a friend of his fathers Togrul- Khan of the Keraits. Genghis Khan used a coat of black sable as a gift to Togrul-Khan in exchange for his promise of reuniting his Fathers’ followers. â€Å"As a descendent of royal blood, he considered himself an aristocrat of the Steppes, he was the father of three valiant war...

Fat Pig a Play by Neil LaBute

Fat Pig a Play by Neil LaBute Neil LaBute titled the play Fat Pig (which first premiered off-Broadway in 2004) to get our attention. However, if he wanted to be blunt, he could have named the play Cowardice, because that is what this comedy-tinged drama is really about. The Plot Tom is a young urban professional who has a bad track record of quickly losing interest in the attractive women he dates. Although in comparison to his crude friend Carter, Tom seems more sensitive than your typical cad. In fact, in the first scene of the play, Tom encounters a smart, flirtatious woman who is described as very plus-sized. When the two connect and she gives him her phone number, Tom is genuinely interested, and the two start dating. However, deep down Tom is shallow. (I know that seems like a paradox, but thats how he is.) He is too self-conscious about what his so-called work friends think about his relationship with Helen. It doesnt help that he dumped a vindictive co-worker named Jeannie who interprets his overweight girlfriend as a personal attack: JEANNIE: Im sure you thought this would hurt me, right? It also doesnt help when his sleazy friend Carter steals a photo of Helen and emails a copy to everyone at the office. But ultimately, this is a play about a young man who comes to terms with who he is: TOM: Im a weak and fearful person, Helen, and Im not gonna get any better. (Spoiler Alert) Male Characters in Fat Pig LaBute has a definite knack for obnoxious, callous male characters. The two guys in Fat Pig follow in this tradition, yet they arent nearly as loathsome than the jerks in LaButes film In the Company of Men. Carter might be a slimeball, but he is not too vicious. At first, he is flabbergasted by the fact that Tom is dating an overweight woman. Also, he firmly believes that Tom and other attractive people should run with [their] own kind. Basically, Carter thinks that Tom is wasting his youth by dating someone of Helens size. However, if one reads the synopsis of the play, it asks: How many insults can you hear before you have to stand up and defend the woman you love? Based upon that blurb, audiences might assume that Tom is pushed to the breaking point by a barrage of awful insults at his girlfriends expense. Yet, Carter is not completely insensitive. In one of the best monologues of the play, Carter tells the story of how he was often embarrassed by his obese mother when in public. He also supplies the wisest piece of advice in the play: CARTER: Do what you want. If you like this girl, then dont listen to a goddamn word anybody says. So, if Carter lays off on the insults and peer pressure, and the vengeful Jeannie calms down and moves on with her life, why does Tom break up with Helen? He cares too much about what others think. His self-consciousness prevents him from pursuing what could be an emotionally fulfilling relationship. Female Characters in Fat Pig LaBute offers one well-developed female character (Helen) and a secondary female character who seems like an artistic misfire. Jeannie doesnt get much stage time, but whenever present she seems like a typical jilted co-worker seen in countless sitcoms and movies. WireImage / Getty Images But her stereotypical shallowness provides a nice foil for Helen, a woman who is bright, self-aware, and honest. She encourages Tom to be honest as well, often sensing his awkwardness when they are out in public. She falls hard and quick for Tom. At the end of the play, she confesses: HELEN: I love you so much, I really do, Tom. Feel a connection with you that I havent allowed myself to dream of, let alone be a part of, in so long. Ultimately, Tom cannot love her, because he is too paranoid about what others think. Therefore, as sad as the ending of the play might seem, its good that Helen and Tom face the truth of their faltering relationship early on. (Real life dysfunctional couples could learn a valuable lesson from this play.) Comparing Helen to someone like Nora from A Dolls House reveals how empowered and assertive women have become in the last few centuries. Nora builds an entire marriage based upon facades. Helen insists upon facing the truth before allowing a serious relationship to continue. Theres a quirk about her personality. She loves old war movies, mostly obscure World War II flicks. This little detail might just be something that LaBute invented to make her unique from other women (thereby helping to explain Toms attraction for her). In addition, it may also reveal the type of man she needs to find. The American soldiers of World War II, by and large, were courageous and willing to fight for what they believed in, even at the cost of their lives. These men are part of what journalist ​Tom Brokaw described as The Greatest Generation. Men like Carter and Tom pale in comparison. Perhaps Helen is obsessed with the films, not because of the pretty explosions but because they remind her of the male figures in her family, and provide a model for potential mates, reliable, stalwart men who arent afraid to take a risk. WireImage / Getty Images The Importance of Fat Pig At times LaButes dialogue seems like it is trying too hard to emulate David Mamet. And the short nature of the play (one of those no bak 90-minute ventures like Shanleys Doubt) makes it reminiscent of those ABC After School Specials from my childhood. They were short films that focused on cautionary tales of modern dilemmas: bullying, anorexia, peer pressure, self-image. They didnt have as many swear words as LaButes plays, though. And the secondary characters (Carter and Jeannie) barely escape their sitcomish roots. Despite these flaws, Fat Pig triumphs with its central characters. I believe in Tom. I have, unfortunately, been Tom; there have been times when I have said things or made choices based upon the expectations of others. And I have felt like Helen (maybe not overweight, but someone who feels like they are removed from those labeled as attractive by mainstream society). Theres no happy ending in the play, but fortunately, in real life, the Helens of the world (sometimes) find the right guy, and the Toms of the world (occasionally) learn to how to overcome their fear of other peoples opinions. If more of us paid attention to the lessons of the play, we could replace those parenthetic adjectives to often and almost always.

A Framework for the Management of Oil Spillage Risks in Oil Dissertation

A Framework for the Management of Oil Spillage Risks in Oil Exploration Programmes - Dissertation Example A researcher needs to understand the various assumptions underlying the different techniques and must have an idea to differentiate procedures as per the problem in the research study. Thus, choice of research methods based on the research problem forms a significant part of research methodology. The experimentation done to test hypothesis and discover new relationships must be based on a scientific method. The results drawn are then criticized. So a researcher must pay proper attention while developing the design of the research work and at the end must state probable inferences as a part of the study undertaken. The basic postulates on which the scientific method to be used is based on are- †¢ The method relies on empirical evidence. †¢ The method utilizes relevant concepts †¢ The study is committed to objective consideration only. †¢ The method of study aims at making adequate and correct statements about the population objects. †¢ The methods results into probabilistic predictions. †¢ The method is concerned for critical scrutiny for testing the conclusions derived. †¢ The method aims at formulating the general axioms or the scientific theories. Research Methodology can be conducted on the basis of three types of research format, such as, exploratory research, descriptive research and casual research. Introduction about Angola While discussing about research methodology, it is utterly relevant to state that the entire process was conducted using primary research. For the purpose of conducting the primary research, the researcher had to make a physical visit the location of Angola. For the purpose of better understanding of the criticality and relevant importance of the research methodology of the project, considerable amount of information about the nation of Angola and its various economic activities has to be discussed. Brief Overview: While giving a brief overview of Angola, it has to be mentioned that the country is lo cated in the South African west coast. The nation is comprised of around 18 provinces and the capital of Angola is Luanda. The nation is bordered by the South Atlantic Ocean for a coast area of around 1,650 km (Angola.org -1, n.d.). Talking about the geographical expanse of the region, the total size of the region is around twice the size of Texas. Discussing about the population strength of the nation, it has to be highlighted that as of the year 2013, the population count stood at over 18, 500,000. It is to be noted that the amount of population in the year 2011 in the urban areas of the nation comprised of around over 59% of the entire population (Cia.gov, 2013). The nation of Angola has a bitter political history, which comprised mostly of the 27 year old civil war. The civil war of the nation drew to a close around the year 2002. As of the current times, the nation is ruled by the multiparty presidential regime. The current government of the nation is Republic in nature (Cia.go v, 2013). While talking about the nation, it is crucially important to focus on the economy of the nation. The main driving factor of the economy of this nation is oil. The oil sector comprises of around 90% of the total of the country’s exports. With the gaining of independence in the year 1975, the

Article Reviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article Reviews - Essay Example This is an opening for many small company managers to think in the direction of cooperative work through collaboration. The article enumerates several apt details about Tata that a strategic business manager would find interesting. The details can be seen by an international company as a generalization to a certain extent when making up an image of an Indian company. The main advantage of taking over such companies would be the use of its market for establishing themselves at an international level. The international manager might also look at issues like opening up trade in both the directions. This step will have a tremendous impact on companies worldwide to assess the best way to establish a platform while investing in a place where the company does not have much reputation. The report clearly mentions the various bidders, who were interested in Corus take over and also limns certain third person views on why Tata won the bid. These details would definitely motivate an international business manager of any company to work on similar lines as that of Tata despite fear of competition. The article would promote managers of the competing companies worldwide to think about coming up with better strategies to weaken the opponent collaboration at its inception and over take their opponent in the business race. This article also focuses on an issue that is rather very important and compares a

Performance Management System for Managers Essay - 1

Performance Management System for Managers - Essay Example The performance management systems’ objective is to ensure that the right people are getting the bonuses, incentives and so on as well as point out the ones who have fallen short on the company’s expectations over a period of time. This would help in giving them rewards and incentives which will eventually make one and all happy at the end. Also, this will continue their desire to achieve more and more within a specified period of time and thus come into the good books of the company. In return, they can be given all these rewards so that they could be encouraged in line with their work attitudes. Moreover, the people who lag behind with regards to their work schedules and dedication levels will stand up and take notice and thus would want to be counted as the effective and efficient ones within the company as well. The key elements/processes would be in the form of bonuses, incentives, rewards and so on. The role played by the organizations in advancing their performan ce management systems is immense since a lot of the population depends on them for their needs and wants. This is met in a fair manner courtesy the E-government initiative adopted by several different companies and organizations. All such innovations which help and facilitate the related process must indeed be given thumbs up since these try to solve the miseries of the people and it is because of these people that the performance management systems are put into place originally. This further pinpoints the fact that the deployment of an efficient performance management system policy within the organization would indeed help it to essentially tackle its internal issues in a better and more effective manner possible. (Bassett, 1993) There is a lot of growth potential for the sales force to be automated in the business to business environments since performance management systems are in place, more so because the business to business scenarios boost a trend of interaction in between th e channel members no matter  which marketplace they hail from.  

Social Security Policy In Hong Kong Social Work Essay

Social Security Policy In Hong Kong Social Work Essay Welfare services are significant elements in a society, which welfare should provide, to what extent the welfare can be provided and how to provide may vary among different society. There are some models help us to understand the factors affecting the welfare system such as the Residual Welfare Model and the East Asian Welfare Model. We will examine whether Hong Kong a typical example of these two models by analyzing the social welfare policies. Social welfare refers to the well-being or betterment for individuals through direct benefits, services or disposable income (Wong, 2010). According to Ronald B. Dear, Social policies are those principles, procedures, and courses of action established in statute, administrative code, and agency regulation that affect peoples social well-being. Social Welfare Policies are some sort of these social policies. They may be thought of as those policies that affect the distribution of resources Richan (1988). In the following analysis, we will 5 main kinds of welfare policies which are housing, education health care, social care and social security to illustrate whether Hong Kong a typical example of both the East Asian Welfare Model and Residual Welfare Model or not. There are various characteristics of the Residual Welfare Model, the individual characteristics, economic characteristics and the characteristics of government and state. For the individual characteristics, people are recognized to be self-independent, self-interested and self-responsible. For the economic characteristics, laissez fair economy and the invisible hand are upheld since people believes that market can solve the social problems and to maintain the well- being of the society. The government and state are the major providers of social welfare and control to what extent the welfare can be provided. Under RWM, the government and state should not over burden itself with social welfare/ services and interfere with individual right and interests. Therefore, only the basic welfare should be provided i.e. law and order, defense, transport and communication infra- structure. Welfare seems as residual, temporary and substitutes of the normal structure of supply which means the family and the market economy. Only when the normal structure of supply breaks down, social welfare and services should be provided. In order to avoid the reliance on the welfare system, some of the welfare/ services may come with the stigma of dole or charity element. The poor is the major group of people to receipt welfare and they always recognized as the incompetent second class members of society. To ensure the welfare can be provided to the people in need, welfare will always have selec tivity. The most common method is by means test. According the Mishra, the main features show that a minimal government or state is preferred. The government just wants to provide welfare for the paupers and poor which is just minority group of the society. The services provided are just serving the basic need for them and range of statutory services is limited. Combining all these elements, welfare is just a safety net, confined to those who are unable to manage otherwise. Main features Residual 1. State responsibility in meeting needs (ideology of state intervention) Minimal 2. Need-based distribution as a value (ideology of distribution) Marginal 3. Range of statutory services Limited 4. Population covered by statutory services Minority 5. Level of benefits Low 6. Proportion of national income spent on state service Low 7. Use of means test Primary 8. Nature of clients Paupers/ the poor 9. Status of clients Low 10.Orientation of the service Coercive 11. Role of non-statutory agencies in welfare Primary Fig.1, The main features of Residual Welfare Model, (Mishra, 1984) Whether Hong Kong a typical example of Residual Welfare Model? We used the 5 main kinds of social welfare policies in Hong Kong to illustrate Hong Kong is adopting the RWM or not. Education Hong Kong provided different schemes for people to pay for their education fee. One of the education subsidy schemes is Pre-primary Education Voucher Scheme. Government will subsidize the parents to meet towards school fees for pre-primary education of their children in the form of Pre-primary Education Vouchers. In addition, Hong Kong government announced 12 years of free education in Policy Address 2009-2010. It provides 12 years compulsory free education to children. For the Tertiary students, Tertiary Student Finance Scheme was released. Government provided larger amount of subsidies to tertiary students. The total amount of grant paid by government is $621.93 million in 2009-10. Fig.2, Publicly-funded Programmes Summary of Statistics The Continuing Education Fund (CEF) subsidizes adults who willing to pursue continuing education and training courses. Adequate applicants will be refunded 80% of their fees, a maximum sum of HK$10,000. Apparently, government pays effort on the education policies and the population covered is really broad. Health Care For the Clinics part, 70 % of primary consultations take place in private sector while others take place in government funded clinics. Moreover, there are 41 public hospitals in Hong Kong. However, there are only 12 private hospitals. And the Hong Kongs 12 private hospitals provide a total of 2794 beds. It less than 10% into the number of hospital beds in Hong Kong. Furthermore, in Healthcare Reform (2009-2010 Policy Address), government decided to increase the healthcare expenditure from 15% of the Governments recurrent expenditure to 17% by 2012. The strategy of healthcare reform reflects the governments direction of healthcare in the follow few years will still highly intervene in the healthcare services. All of these healthcare policies show that government has a quite high level of intervention and these services are open to all the Hong Kong residents without any selectivity. As a result, the health care does not match to the principles of residual welfare model. Housing Government also had launched lot of policies about housing. There are about 710  000 public rental housing in the Housing Authoritys portfolio, housing about two million people. Tenants Purchase Scheme (TPS) was introduced in 1997 to enable at least 250  000 families living in public rental housing to buy their flats at an affordable price which is lower than the market price. Besides, Home ownership schemes (HOS) is another ownership scheme. It is designed to assist residents to buy their own flats and HOS flats are subsidized public housing. It is easily to find that government had interfered a lot in the housing supply. The population covered not just focus on the minority. Therefore, it differs from the principles of residual welfare model. Social Care In the field of social care, it provides a wide range of services taking care of the elderly, children, young people, disabilities, the victims of domestic violence, etc. This is quite different from the RWM since the population covered is large. The most common method adopted by the HK Government to provide the welfare services is to form partnership with non-government organizations. The government give a Lump Sum Grant to the NGOs and they provide the services to those in need. The expense on the Social Welfare Organization occupied the third large proportion of the total expense on welfare in Hong Kong. Fig.3, The expense of the social services organization Social Security Comprehensive Social Security Assistance Scheme The characteristics on providing services on social security seem more close to the RWM. The aim of social security is to provide for the basic and special needs of the members of the community who are in need of financial or material assistance (Social Welfare Department, 2008). It is a short- time help. CSSA is a safety net for those who cannot support themselves financially and bring their income up to a prescribed level to meet their basic needs (Social Welfare Department, 2008). The old age, single parent and unemployment are the three major groups of people of to apply CSSA (Statistics on Comprehensive Social Security Assistance Scheme 1998-2008, 2009). In order to select the most needed, people apply for CSSA should go through the financial tests. They need to pass the income and assets tests. Office interview and home visit will conduct to investigate and verify the applicants circumstances and information provided. Since this is a short-time help, the government do not want people rely on it, there is some special arrangement for those aged 15-59 in normal health to actively seek full-time jobs and participate in the Support for Self-reliance Scheme of the Department (Social Welfare Department, 2008). Sub-conclusion In the 5 main kinds of social policies, only the social security seems to be the typical example of residual welfare model. Social security just provides short-term help and to fulfill the basic needs of the recipients. Moreover, a series and comprehensive investigation and financial test are needed. And the CSSA may cause the Stigmatization. People may have bias on those CSSA recipients. Besides Government pays effort to teach and encourage the recipient to work in other to leave the safety net. In this sense, it conforms to the principle of residual welfare model. On the other hand, the other four categories of social welfare policies are not much like the residual welfare model. They are more like universal benefits and services having no or less selectivity, because benefits available to everyone. Those policies not only provide basic needs of individual but also to improve the quality of life, cultivate the citizens, and so on. Therefore, the expenditure on welfare keeps increasing. Thus, Hong Kong is not a typical example of residual welfare model. The East Asian Welfare Model (the EAWM) Definition There is another model related to social welfare policy which is the East Asian Welfare Model. It shares the Confucian ethics and value emphasizing on education, strong family relations, benevolent paternalism, social harmony, discipline, respect for tradition and strong work ethic. To determine whether Hong Kong is a typical example of The East Asian Welfare Model, we can see if it matches the elements of the model. Dominated on economic concerns In the EAWM, welfare policies are dominated on economic concerns in order to improve the productivity of labour force and provide strong working incentive. As it aims to help increasing the productivity of an economy, it is also called as a productivist social policy. Hong Kong does match this element. There is a concept of from welfare to workin Hong Kong. When more people have their own jobs, the numbers of CSSA recipients will decreases and the productivity of an economy will be increased too. Targeted employment assistance for various CSSA Recipients In Hong Kong, the government targets employment assistance for various CSSA recipients. For example, the Three trial Enhanced Community Work Projects which includes training elements in 2005 to 2006 were aimed to enhance the employability of participants. Up to October in 2006, there were 145 Intensive Employment Assistance Projects which provided intensive employment assistance services to unemployed CSSA recipients. Hong Kong government also supports for Self-reliance Scheme (SFS) that encourages and assists employable recipients to take up paid employment so as to make them to become self-reliant. This scheme includes Active Employment Assistance programme and Community Work programme. They aimed to help people finding jobs and thus increase the productivity of Hong Kong. Regulator rather than provider The Hong government acts as a regulator of welfare policy rather than a provider in EAWM. Hong Kong matches this element since Hong Kong government contracts out the services by giving funds to different organizations and asks them to provide welfare services for it. For example, it provides funds to The Neighbourhood Advice-Action Council to build Family Crisis Support Centres in order to tackle family crisis. It also gives funds to Po Leung Kuk and Childtime International Nursery Limited to build up child care centre so as to provide child care services. It gives funds to St. James Settlement and Hong Kong Society for the Aged to provide elderly services such as building up Elderly Community Centres. Way to maintain social stability and legitimacy In the EAWM, welfare has been seen and used as a key element to maintain social stability, to get the legitimacy of governments which lacked democratic legitimacy and to ameliorate grievances. Hong Kong matches this element. In Hong Kong, the Chief Executive and government officials are not elected by universal suffrage. With less legitimacy, welfare service becomes one of the tactics to pacify the grievances and to maintain social stability. Welfares can keep social stability as when peoples needs have been satisfied, they are expected not to commit crimes. Hong Kong government does do a lot to give financial assistance to the poor. For example, CSSA Scheme gives financial assistance to those who cannot support themselves. Social Security Allowance (SSA) Scheme provides monthly allowance to Hong Kong residents who are severely disabled or 65 years old or above. It shows that Hong Kong government uses welfare as a tool to maintain social stability, and so as to retain the legitimacy of the government. Low social welfare expenditure Hong Kong Government expenditure on social welfare is low compared with the Western countries. The welfare expenditure (% of GDP) of some western countries is above 20%, some are up to 29%. In Hong Kong, the welfare expenditure (% of GDP) is around 8% due to the low tax rate and the reliance on the market and the family to provide welfare. Hostile to the idea of welfare state Hong Kong is also hostile to the idea of welfare state. In the welfare states, the tax rate is high such as the corporate tax rate is 25% and the personal tax is up to 58% in Denmark. The high tax can support rate of large welfare expenditure. Welfare states provide comprehensive coverage of welfare including old-age pensions, unemployment benefits health and childcare services. The welfare is also very favourable since is more than the basic needs. In Sweden, the unemployed will receive 80 percent of his or her normal income under the unemployment benefits. However, in Hong Kong, the tax rates are extremely low compared with the OECD standards. The corporation tax rate is 17.5% and personal tax rate is only 16%, around 1/3 of the OECD standard. Hong Kong is one of the places with the lowest tax rates, named as tax haven. The low tax rates encourage competition i.e. the harder you work and more you gain. In the White Paper Social Welfare into the 1990s, government stated that it worked hard to improve the dependency culture and remind the citizens incentive to work and undermines the productive engine of the economy. It is to encourage self- independence and responsibility. Significant role of the family The family plays a significant role in Hong Kong social welfare. Hong Kong is influenced by the traditional Confucian culture which is family oriented. The role of family is measured not just by its affluence but also by its core values, the kindness, caring for others and mutual support. The family members support and look after each other. The number of elderly living with their son is higher than that in Western countries. The Government policies also promote the family values to lighten the dependency on social welfare system. Under Hong Kong tax system, allowances are given to the taxpayers who taking care of their children, parents and grandparents. It is to encourage family members to look after the youth and the elderly. Besides, the Public housing allocation policy will give special consideration to the family with elderly. The housing policy is family oriented. In the Policy Address 2009-2010, CE suggested to set up a Happy Family Info Hub to promote family core values, and to introduce family education as well as support services for the family. (Policy Address 2009-2010) Piecemeal, pragmatic and ad hoc welfare development Welfare development in Hong Kong is piecemeal, pragmatic and ad hoc. There is no comprehensive long term development plans on social  welfare, for example, the public housing policy in 50s, the aims of the policy is to settle the fire victims of Shek Kei Mei squatter areas. Besides, The Government legitimacy is shattered in the 67 riot. After that, Government started the social security policy including public assistance scheme, old age and disability allowances in the early 70s. The aims of the social security policy are to deal with critical issues and maintain society stability. Social welfare policies are reactive measures to address ad hoc issues without long term planning. Conclusion In conclusion, only social security policy in Hong Kong fit the Residual Welfare Model but other policies such as housing, education, health care and social care do not fit the model. On the other hand, the social welfare systems in Hong Kong fit most of the elements of The East Asian Welfare Model. Therefore, we do not agree that Hong Kong is a typical example of both models since it is not a typical example of the Residual Welfare Model but a typical example of the East Asian Welfare Model.